Published Research

A new study used satellite data from MethaneSAT collected across multiple days and regions in the United States, Mexico, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, and Iraq to quantify and map oil and gas methane emissions at high-resolution. By scanning vast areas in fine detail, researchers found that methane emissions vary not only between regions, but also between counties and districts within the same oil and gas basin. These findings give policymakers a more precise, localized view of emissions hotspots, helping identify where the industry should prioritize repairs to more effectively slow climate warming.

Note: This is a preprint, and we expect the final published version to become available soon.

This study advances MethaneSAT’s ability to automatically detect and segment methane plumes by combining deep learning, cross-sensor transfer learning, and physics-informed postprocessing. By leveraging MethaneAIR observations to overcome limited labeled satellite data, the team developed an instance-segmentation framework that reliably identifies individual methane plumes and supports both high-sensitivity emissions screening and high-confidence source attribution. These improvements strengthen MethaneSAT’s capacity to map methane emissions and provide actionable insights for climate mitigation efforts.

Note: This is a preprint, and we expect the final published version to become available soon.

New analysis of MethaneSAT data reveals that methane leaks from global oil and gas operations are roughly 60% higher than what companies and governments have previously reported. Results from this study show that certain regions in North America, the Middle East, and Central Asia are losing far more natural gas than others, making them prime targets for urgent repairs. Ultimately, current emissions levels are about ten times higher than international climate targets, highlighting a massive gap between current industry practices and global methane mitigation goals.

The MethaneSAT Level-4 (L4) dispersed emissions product is an estimate of methane emissions within a MethaneSAT scene, reported on a 4 km × 4 km grid and representative of a scene dependent temporal window of up to 28 h before the observation. MethaneSAT L4 emissions estimates are generated using the Column Observations to Regional Emissions (CORE) algorithm, a computational framework that integrates MethaneSAT observations with atmospheric transport modeling within a Bayesian inversion. This Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) describes the theoretical formulation, assumptions, data inputs, and implementation of CORE.

This study tackles one of the biggest challenges in hyperspectral remote sensing: detecting clouds and cloud shadows. By developing and benchmarking deep learning models, the team significantly improved cloud and shadow segmentation performance for both MethaneSAT and its airborne partner, MethaneAIR. These improvements enhance the reliability of methane retrievals worldwide, strengthening MethaneSAT’s capacity to support actionable climate solutions.

Using TROPOMI and VIIRS satellite instruments to measure nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from 44 major oil and gas regions around the world, the study finds that commonly used emission inventories significantly underestimate NOx emissions from these activities -- in some cases by more than 70% -- meaning a major source of air pollution is being undercounted. It also show that NOx emissions often occur alongside methane emissions, highlighting important links between air quality and climate impacts from oil and gas operations.

Demonstrates MethaneSAT's capabilities to survey high-emitting methane sources across global oil and gas basins. Analysis of global hotspots reveals persistent sources in Turkmenistan’s South Caspian and the US Permian Basin, alongside major super-emitters in Venezuela, Iran, and the Appalachian basin. Authors also identify significant emissions in West Siberia, offshore Gulf of Mexico, and from the waste sector. These results highlight MethaneSAT’s utility in mapping regional methane hotspots and super-emitters worldwide.

Observations of methane plumes from point sources provide valuable information on emissions and support effective mitigation strategies. This work examines the likelihood of methane plumes being detected by different instruments under different conditions, such as the sensor type, weather, and the emission rate of the source. Results highlight the importance of an accurate probability of detection model for interpretation of point source emissions.

Note: This is a preprint, and we expect the final published version to become available soon.

Methane point source emissions can be difficult to detect in satellite imagery when the signals are weak and hidden by background noise. This work developed an automated method for methane plumes detection that improves the visibility of plumes while reducing false detections, decreasing the need for time-consuming manual inspection. The method identifies more low-volume emissions across MethaneSAT and MethaneAIR, helping build a more complete understanding of methane emission distributions.